We love our iPhones and iPads.
We love the prices of our iPhones and iPads.
We love the super-high profit margins of Apple, Inc., the maker of our iPhones and iPads.
And that's why it's disconcerting to remember that the low prices of
our iPhones and iPads — and the super-high profit margins of Apple — are
only possible because our iPhones and iPads are made with labor
practices that would be illegal in the United States.
And it's also disconcerting to realize that the folks who make our
iPhones and iPads not only don't have iPhones and iPads (because they
can't afford them), but, in some cases, have never even seen them.
This is a complex issue. But it's also an important one. And it's
only going to get more important as the world's economies continue to
become more intertwined.
(And the issue obviously concerns a lot more companies than Apple.
Almost all of the major electronics manufacturers make their stuff in
China. One difference with Apple, though, is the magnitude of the
company's profit margin and profits. Apple could afford to pay its
manufacturers more or hold them to higher standards and still be
extremely competitive and profitable.)
Last week, PRI's "This American Life" did a special on Apple's manufacturing.
The show featured (among others) the reporting of Mike Daisey, the man
who does the one-man stage show "The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs," and The NYT's Nicholas Kristof, whose wife's family is from China.
You can read a transcript of the whole show here. Here are some details:
- The Chinese city of Shenzhen is where most of our "crap" is made. 30
years ago, Shenzhen was a little village on a river. Now it's a city of
13 million people — bigger than New York.
- Foxconn, one of the companies that builds iPhones and iPads (and
products for many other electronics companies), has a factory in
Shenzhen that employs 430,000 people.
- There are 20 cafeterias at the Foxconn Shenzhen plant. They each serve 10,000 people.
- One Foxconn worker Mike Daisey interviewed, outside factory gates
manned by guards with guns, was a 13-year old girl. She polished the
glass of thousands of new iPhones a day.
- The 13-year old said Foxconn doesn't really check ages. There are
on-site inspections, from time to time, but Foxconn always knows when
they're happening. And before the inspectors arrive, Foxconn just
replaces the young-looking workers with older ones.
- In the first two hours outside the factory gates, Daisey meets
workers who say they are 14, 13, and 12 years old (along with plenty of
older ones). Daisey estimates that about 5% of the workers he talked to
were underage.
Jordan Pouille
The dormitories.
Daisey
assumes that Apple, obsessed as it is with details, must know this. Or,
if they don't, it's because they don't want to know.- Daisey visits other Shenzhen factories, posing as a potential
customer. He discovers that most of the factory floors are vast rooms
filled with 20,000-30,000 workers apiece. The rooms are quiet: There's
no machinery, and there's no talking allowed. When labor costs so
little, there's no reason to build anything other than by hand.
- A Chinese working "hour" is 60 minutes — unlike an American "hour," which generally includes breaks for Facebook,
the bathroom, a phone call, and some conversation. The official work
day in China is 8 hours long, but the standard shift is 12 hours.
Generally, these shifts extend to 14-16 hours, especially when there's a
hot new gadget to build. While Daisey is in Shenzhen, a Foxconn worker
dies after working a 34-hour shift.
- Assembly lines can only move as fast as their slowest worker, so all the workers are watched (with cameras). Most people stand.
- The workers stay in dormitories. In a 12-by-12 cement cube of a
room, Daisey counts 15 beds, stacked like drawers up to the ceiling.
Normal-sized Americans would not fit in them.
- Unions are illegal in China. Anyone found trying to unionize is sent to prison.
- Daisey interviews dozens of (former) workers who are secretly supporting a union. One group talked about using "hexane," an iPhone
screen cleaner. Hexane evaporates faster than other screen cleaners,
which allows the production line to go faster. Hexane is also a
neuro-toxin. The hands of the workers who tell him about it shake
uncontrollably.
- Some workers can no longer work because their hands have been
destroyed by doing the same thing hundreds of thousands of times over
many years (mega-carpal-tunnel). This could have been avoided if the
workers had merely shifted jobs. Once the workers' hands no longer work,
obviously, they're canned.
- One former worker had asked her company to pay her overtime, and
when her company refused, she went to the labor board. The labor board
put her on a black list that was circulated to every company in the
area. The workers on the black list are branded "troublemakers" and
companies won't hire them.
- One man got his hand crushed in a metal press at Foxconn. Foxconn
did not give him medical attention. When the man's hand healed, it no
longer worked. So they fired him. (Fortunately, the man was able to get a
new job, at a wood-working plant. The hours are much better there, he
says — only 70 hours a week).
- The man, by the way, made the metal casings of iPads at Foxconn. Daisey showed him his iPad. The man had never seen one before. He held it and played with it. He said it was "magic."
Importantly, Shenzhen's factories, as hellish as they are, have been a boon to the people of China. Liberal economist Paul Krugman
says so. NYT columnist Nicholas Kristof says so. Kristof's wife's
ancestors are from a village near Shenzhen. So he knows of what he
speaks. The "grimness" of the factories, Kristof says, is actually
better than the "grimness" of the rice paddies.
So, looked at that way, Apple is helping funnel money from rich
American and European consumers to poor workers in China. Without
Foxconn and other assembly plants, Chinese workers might still be
working in rice paddies, making $50 a month instead of $250 a month
(Kristof's estimates. In 2010, Reuters says, Foxconn workers were given a raise to $298 per month, or $10 a day, or less than $1 an hour). With this money, they're doing considerably better than they once were. Especially women, who had few other alternatives.
But, of course, the reason Apple assembles iPhones and iPads in China
instead of America, is that assembling them here or Europe would cost
much, much more — even with shipping and transportation. And it would
cost much, much more because, in the United States and Europe, we have
established minimum acceptable standards for the treatment and pay of
workers like those who build the iPhones and iPads.
Foxconn, needless to say, doesn't come anywhere near meeting these minimum standards.
If Apple decided to build iPhones and iPads for Americans using American labor rules, two things would likely happen:
- The prices of iPhones and iPads would go up
- Apple's profit margins would go down
Neither of those things would be good for American consumers or Apple
shareholders. But they might not be all that awful, either. Unlike some
electronics manufacturers, Apple's profit margins are so high that they
could go down a lot and still be high. And some Americans would
presumably feel better about loving their iPhones and iPads if they knew
that the products had been built using American labor rules.
In other words, Apple could probably afford to use American labor
rules when building iPhones and iPads without destroying its business.
So it seems reasonable to ask why Apple is choosing NOT to do that.
(Not that Apple is the only company choosing to avoid American labor
rules and costs, of course — almost all manufacturing companies that
want to survive, let alone thrive, have to reduce production costs and
standards by making their products elsewhere.)
The bottom line is that iPhones and iPads cost what they do because
they are built using labor practices that would be illegal in this
country — because people in this country consider those practices
grossly unfair.
That's not a value judgment. It's a fact.
So, next time you pick up your iPhone or iPad, ask yourself how you feel about that.
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